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The fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of crime as opposed to the actual probability of being a victim of crime.〔Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: A review of the literature. International Review of Victimology, 4, 79-150.〕 The fear of crime, along with fear of the streets and the fear of youth, is said to have been in Western culture for "time immemorial".〔Pearson, G. (1983) ''Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears.'' Palgrave Macmillan. p 236.〕 While fear of crime can be differentiated into public feelings, thoughts and behaviors about the personal risk of criminal victimization, distinctions can also be made between the tendency to see situations as fearful, the actual experience while in those situations, and broader expressions about the cultural and social significance of crime and symbols of crime in people's neighborhoods and in their daily, symbolic lives.〔Gabriel, U. & Greve, W. (2003). The psychology of fear of crime: Conceptual and methodological perspectives. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 600-614.〕〔Jackson, J. (2004). 'Experience and Expression: Social and Cultural Significance in the Fear of Crime', British Journal of Criminology, 44: 946-966.〕 Importantly, feelings, thoughts and behaviors can have a number of functional and dysfunctional effects on individual and group life, depending on actual risk and people's subjective approaches to danger. On a negative side, they can erode public health and psychological well-being; they can alter routine activities and habits; they can contribute to some places turning into 'no-go' areas via a withdrawal from community; and they can drain community cohesion, trust and neighborhood stability.〔〔Stafford, M., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M. (2007). Association between fear of crime and mental health and physical functioning. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 2076-2081.〕〔Jackson, J. & Stafford, M. (2009). Public health and fear of crime: A prospective cohort study. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 6, 832-847〕 Some degree of emotional response can be healthy: psychologists have long highlighted the fact that some degree of worry can be a problem-solving activity, motivating care and precaution,〔Jackson, J. & Gray, E. (2010). Functional fear and public insecurities about crime, British journal of criminology, 50, 1, 1-21.〕 underlining the distinction between low-level anxieties that motivate caution and counter-productive worries that damage well-being.〔Gray, E., Jackson, J. and Farrall, S. (2011). 'Feelings and Functions in the Fear of Crime: Applying a New Approach to Victimisation Insecurity', British Journal of Criminology, 51, 1, 75-94〕 Factors influencing the fear of crime include the psychology of risk perception,〔Jackson, J. (2006). Introducing Fear of Crime to Risk Research, Risk Analysis, 26, 1, 253-264〕〔Jackson, J. (2011). 'Revisiting Risk Sensitivity in the Fear of Crime', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48, 4, 513-537.〕 circulating representations of the risk of victimization (chiefly via interpersonal communication and the mass media), public perceptions of neighborhood stability and breakdown,〔Skogan, W. and Maxfield, M. (1981) Coping with Crime, Beverly Hills: Sage.〕〔Wilson. J.Q. and Kelling, G.L. (1982). 'Broken Windows'. Atlantic Monthly, March, 29-38.〕 the influence of neighbourhood context,〔Wyant, B.R. (2008). Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(1), 39-64.〕〔Brunton-Smith, I., & Sturgis, P. (2011). Do neighbourhoods generate fear of crime? An empirical test using the British Crime Survey. Criminology, 49(2), 331-369.〕 and broader factors where anxieties about crime express anxieties about the pace and direction of social change.〔Merry, S. (1981). Urban Danger: Life in a Neighborhood of Strangers. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.〕〔Girling, E., Loader, I. & Sparks, R. (2000). Crime and Social Control in Middle England: Questions of Order in an English Town. London: Routledge.〕 There are also some wider cultural influences. For example, some have argued that modern times have left people especially sensitive to issues of safety and insecurity.〔Lee, M. (1999). The fear of crime and self-governance: Towards a genealogy. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 32, 227-246.〕〔Lee, M. (2001). The genesis of 'fear of crime'. Theoretical Criminology, 5, 467-485.〕〔Zedner, L. (2003). Too much security? International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 31, 155-184.〕〔Furedi, F. (2006). The politics of fear: Beyond left and right. London: Continuum Press.〕 ==Affective aspects of fear of crime== The core aspect of fear of crime is the range of emotions that is provoked in citizens by the possibility of victimization. While people may feel angry and outraged about the extent and prospect of crime, surveys typically ask people "who they are afraid of" and "how worried they are". Underlying the answers that people give are (more often than not) two dimensions of 'fear': (a) those everyday moments of worry that transpire when one feels personally threatened; and (b) some more diffuse or 'ambient' anxiety about risk. While standard measures of worry about crime regularly show between 30% and 50% of the population of England and Wales express some kind of worry about falling victim, probing reveals that few individuals actually worry for their own safety on an everyday basis.〔Farrall, S. & Gadd, D. (2004). The frequency of the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 44, 127-132.〕〔Gray, E., Jackson, J. and Farrall, S. (2008). Reassessing the Fear of Crime, European Journal of Criminology, 5, 3, 363-380.〕 One thus can distinguish between fear (an emotion, a feeling of alarm or dread caused by an awareness or expectation of danger) and some more broader anxiety.〔Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. Criminal Justice, 4: 451—489.〕〔Sacco, V. (2005). When Crime Waves, Sage Publications/Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.〕 However it should be noted that some people may be more willing to admit to their worries and vulnerabilities than others.〔Sutton, R. M., & Farrall, S.D. (2005). Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime: Are women really more anxious about crime? British Journal of , 45, 212-224.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fear of crime」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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